What is life? It is "being alive" and means that self-organization activities continue in life. In order for the life to continue its activities, it is necessary to have a means to always supplement the energy of activity in some way. Humans have a mechanism to maintain their lives through activities that are carried out in a circular ecological relationship formed with the external environment. These activities include capturing food and excreting the residue after extracting energy from it. This mechanism is formed through a long evolution, and its overall structure is built as a body plan inherited in the form of DNA. Based on DNA, the process from germ cells to adult living bodies capable of autonomous activities proceeds. This process is called the growth process. The growth process begins with a post-natal state that is released from the mother's body after the completion of the basic brain structure and ends with the overall completion of human brain activity that allows them to act as members of collective ecology in the modern society. Here, this growth process will be explained as a transition of various states that occur in the process from the start to the end of growth.

Life activities are carried out in various circulatory systems. From the perspective of the environment that surrounds living organisms, there is a large-scale cyclical ecological relationship with the environment such as the food chain. If we look inside of the living organisms, there are autonomous circulation systems such as the respiratory system in the body, and the somatic movement chain system that supports the life activity itself. Human ecology is formed in these multiple energy circulation systems. In addition, there are a myriad of smaller circulatory systems associated with these relatively large energy cycles described above. These countless energy circulations cross each other variously to form an energy circulation network that repeats joining and separation. However, these activities are not performed randomly. Rather, a sort of order was formed through a very long process of evolution in the face of environmental adaptation. As a result, a body plan is built as a structure that allows these activities to be carried out in an orderly manner. Growth proceeds on the basis of the body plan, which guarantees that the network structure resulting from evolution can be efficiently and simply reproduced.

The most important points in understanding postnatal neural circuit formation are summarized as follows:

• Human life ecology is dynamic and continuous from birth to death, and is operated cyclically according to the extremely stable daily and annual circulation of the earth.
• Neural circuits are continuously formed according to ecology.
• However, seasonal variations occur in the global environment in a zonal manner because the rotation axis of the earth has an inclination with respect to its orbital surface.
• Thus, ecology and neural circuits form their respective networks to adapt to stable circulation and the zonal environmental changes that occur on it.
• Neural networks and ecological networks are mapped to each other.

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Absolute time vs. relative time

Then, how can the adaptation to stable circulation and the zonal environmental changes be achieved? The level of adaptation changes with time. The relative time defined by the relationship between the individual and the other, not the absolute time of the individual that is adapting, characterizes the progress of the adaptation.

If we consider the universe as one, we can understand that there is a common axis of time flow. However, everything in the universe is moving, and everything is correlated with each other. It is observed that there is a stable flow in the correlated movement.

Since all existences are energy, the stable flow is generated as a circulation of energy, in which a constant flow and a displacement therefrom are superimposed. Let's pay attention to a certain existence and use it as a reference to see another existence. The latter itself flows along the absolute time, but at the same time, the relationship between it and the reference can be regarded as a relationship that changes with the passage of time. Here, time is the time that flows in another existence relative to the absolute time of the reference existence. In this way, from the reference existence, it is possible to grasp the relationship between it and other existence by relative time.

From the perspective of maintaining the stability of circulation of energy, everything is under time constraints in having relation to others.

Nature of time constraints

Individual life can be regarded as an autonomous system that is a collection of sub-autonomous systems. What is the nature of the time constraints that work between these autonomous systems?

The life environment is a circular chain. It is formed by organically linking the individual flows of work of individual autonomous systems. When considered along the flow of a chain, an autonomous system always has an "after" relationship with another autonomous system existing at a previous point in the chain. Therefore, the formation of a four-process structure is inevitable in the O-PDP system. On the other hand, an autonomous system may perform activities such as monitoring the start of an event on the chain, or monitoring the chain status further forward when route selection is required for the chain. In such a case, the autonomous system exists in a “before” relationship with another autonomous system that actually starts the event.

It is important for the maintenance of life activity that the organic chain flows without breaking. Life is a distributed system composed of multiple autonomous systems that perform spatiotemporal activities. Each autonomous system operates while having a relationship with the surrounding environment and other autonomous systems (which also perform spatiotemporal activities). Although they may fluctuate, each autonomous system can continue its activities without breaking by holding its own adaptively adjustable bandwidth.

The band activity of life that performs autonomous activities is composed of a combination of the following two elements: a branch portion corresponding to physical life activity and a node portion corresponding to selection at a branch separation point. That is, bandwidth processing is formed and maintained as a selective network. The network is empirically formed through growth and is unique to the individual. Therefore, it shows unique characteristics as an individual. The life world is maintained by forming a large network as a multi-layered structure in which individual lives survive using this mechanism, and their interrelationships have the ability to adjust by parallel distribution.

The work performed by the chain of autonomous activities of individual life is formed by embodying the accumulation of experience. That is, experience is memorized and reused. The reason why this memory works effectively in chain coordination between autonomous systems when the memory is reused is as follows. The memory is formed as a topological memory that does not have fixed time or fixed position information but retains only those transitions. When the memory is reused, the missing absolute time and absolute position information is restored and reconstructed in the actual time at that time.

Individual organisms and their organs exist as O-PDPs, each of which is unique. The relationship between these elements is based on a fairly high circularity, but exists as imperfectly symmetric and imperfectly synchronized.

Autopoiesis system for sustainable and stable energy cycle

One system that can realize a sustainable and stable energy cycle is an autopoiesis system. An autopoiesis system is a system that is organized as a network that has a process that generates, transforms, and destroys components that can produce the following characteristics, and at the same time has a boundary that separates the exterior from the interior.

1. An autopoietic system continuously regenerates and realizes a network of relationships that realize the process that created these components through the interaction and transformation of those components.
2. The autopoiesis system constitutes the system as a concrete entity in the space where these components exist. The realization method is by designating a topological region in which the system is realized as such a network.

There are four conditions for an autopietic system to realize:

1. Autonomy: Having the ability to deal with changes in the environment in which it is placed.
2. Individuality: Producing all the components by itself, thereby maintaining self-identity.
3. Boundary self-determination: Forming self boundaries on its own in the self-producing process.
4. Not specified by input or output

The feature of the autopoietic system's operation is that it always accepts input and emits signals as needed. This is characterized by the words always sense, sometimes signal. Here, signal includes a superficial appearance (for example, facial expression) that is continuously issued and a single message that is occasionally issued.

The autopoiesis system is actually an incompletely closed system. All are linked to form Gaia.

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In the evolution of vertebrates, basic ecological activity has not changed. Evolution has progressed to improve the complexity of its various basic ecological activities.

Figure 1 shows the basic body plan of vertebrates. Figure 2 shows The rigid organization of behavior associated with reproductive instinct. These are for the male three-spined stickleback fish. But they apply to bertebrate animals as well.

Figure 1. The basic body plan of vertebrates. Adapted from Larry W. Swanson, Brain Architecture: Understanding the Basic Plan, 2nd edition (Oxford Univ Press, 2011, p. 60)

Figure 2. The rigid organization of behavior associated with "Reproductive Instinct." Adapted from Larry W. Swanson, Brain Architecture: Understanding the Basic Plan, 2nd edition (Oxford Univ Press, 2011, p. 160)

At some stage of evolution, the synchronization mechanism between the trees responsible for the various functions of the body plan does not change under normal initial formation. However, if a mutation occurs in one function tree and it can survive without being deceived, there will be time to synchronize with other function trees, and there may be a mutation there. Get higher. The result is a more complex integrated change. Figure 3 shows that when a mutation in one of the functions of the body plan, perception, intervention, or motor mechanism, occurs due to the selection of alleles, the evolution proceeds in synchrony between the mechanisms.

Figure 3. Realignment of synchronization timing between autonomous mechanisms.

Figure 4 shows the circulation of information between the perception, intervention, and movement mechanisms and the environment that exist behind the evolution shown in Figure 3. The intervening mechanism that connects between the perceptual mechanism and the motor mechanism plays an important role in successfully promoting the evolution of the perceptual / motor mechanism that is the interface with the environment.

The intervening mechanism consists of the following three layers:

• Autonomous automatic control system (spinal cord): A simple reaction motion is automatically executed by feedforward control.
• Autonomous automatic control system 2 (medullary medulla, cerebellum): Automatically executes complex reaction movements with feedforward control.
• Conscious system (frontal lobe and cerebral cortex): Consciously executes complex reaction movements with feedback control.

Figure 4. Circulation of information between perception, intervention, movement mechanism and environment.

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Limited role of consciousness in the formation stage of human basic ecology

At the stage where the basic ecology of people is formed, conscious activities do not play a major role. In the early stages, the main task of the conscious mechanism is to accumulate memory about the information it takes from perception.

Information taken from the perception by the consciousness mechanism is connected and accumulated in time series. Since the activities progress cyclically according to the earth's circulation activity, the accumulated memory will eventually form a Relational Multidimensional Memory Frame (RMD) network.

At the same time, the RMD network and the memory network of the trajectory of physical activity accumulated by autonomous automatic control are synchronized and connected at a conscious point. Through this, the network derived from the physical activity and the network derived from the perception are connected at the point of consciousness, and the cognitive ability that the recognition by the consciousness points to the same situation is built.

As the scope of activity grows as it grows and the network is expanded accordingly, consciousness can circulate on the network continuously and cyclically. Consciousness activities are carried out in two ways: 1) It works following physical activity, 2) It works autonomously regardless of physical activity.

In the early stages of consciousness activity shortly after birth, consciousness is only concerned with fact recognition. Later, the consciousness finally begins to function when the fact recognition experience is accumulated and becomes a memory, a correlation with the existing information in the working storage area is formed, and the information can be searched cyclically. Since then, as the process proceeds accumulation of RMD and the scope of the ecosystem that is imprinted to the network expands, the range of consciousness activity is expanded.

Figure 5. The basic structure of the nervous system that underlies body formation.

Perceptual Development

Tactile sensation occurs first, which is a perception that directly recognizes the external environment. Next, tactile sense, which is the initial perception, differentiates into several senses, and each evolves. As a result, objects can be recognized by perception based on the five senses. The following explains how the dirrentiation occurs:

• Smell: Derived by a specialized response to chemical contact stimuli. This sensation evolves first.
• Taste: Derived by special evolution of smell.
• Vision: Derived by a specialized response to thermal contact stimuli.
• Hearing: Derived by a specialized response to compressive contact stimuli.

Perceptual functions are realized by organs that control each function, but these functions are independently developed without being related to each other.

• Smell and Hearing: Smell and hearing develop well in the womb.
• Touch: Tactile sensations develop well in the womb and are then adaptively adjusted.
• Taste: Taste development varies. The bitterness and sourness that should be avoided develop in the womb, and others develop after birth.
• Vision: After birth, the vision is single-focused and weak. Then it gradually develops.

Temporal shifts that exist in the development of perceptions have important implications for cognitive formation. Each perception does not simply go straight to the sensitivity that perception has when people grow up. Some perceptions become sensitive and then adjust adaptively. Other perceptions are adaptively adjusted from the insensitive state. In addition, all the perceptual functions are parallel processing, and there are fluctuations in bandwidth and processing timing.

Figure 6. The visual system, consisting of WHERE and WHAT systems, and colorblind (monochrome) and color selective pathways.

Visual stimuli are classified into color information that activates cone cells and monochrome information that activates rod cells, and each has the following characteristics:

• Monochrome information: Causes a thoughtful reaction. Helps clarify the focus and evokes a memory response. The response depends on personal experience memory. The visual system processes monochrome information fast with low accuity and high contrast sensitivity.
• Color information: Causes an experiential reaction. It simply causes complex reactions and emotional reactions. The visual system processes color information slowly with high accuity and low contrast sensitivity.

Motor Development

Motor functions include movement (self, subject) and grabbing. In addition, there is a direction in the movement, that is, the front and back are distinguished. “Front” corresponds to the visual field range, and information can be obtained visually, while “Back” cannot obtain information visually. Motor function is realized by combining several motor organs.

Basic ecology of vertebrates

In the functional structural development of the brain, the body plan level defined by DNA has not changed since the advent of vertebrates (See Figure 2).

Basic ecology is controlled mainly by the action of hormones on the minimal basic neuronal networks that connect the autonomous organs.

At the stage of the vertebrate body plan (DNA), the functional structure of the brain using parallel distributed processing is completed. In other words, at the time of birth, the formation of the dual process of the brain is over, and after birth, each function develops autonomously, and builds a mutual correlation through experience. Thus, a four process structure is formed.

Experience accumulates through survival. The main environmental conditions for survival include the following:

• Survival competition for food security
• Competition in sexual reproduction
• Existence of growth process
• Organic life activity chain
• Activity capacity limit

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From memory to cognition

Figure 7. Development of the sensory nervous system and the somatic nervous system, and interneurons connecting them with action selection process.

When perception develops, the external environment can be spatially recognized, the memory capacity increases, and the perceptual information can be memorized until it continuously forms a network, self-cognition becomes part of the external OBJECT. As a result, it is possible to start an independent autonomous activity called conscious activity.

OBJECT cognition through linkage between perception and movement and Self-Cognition

Preexisting conditions for OBJECT cognition to occur are as follows:

• In the global environment before life occurs, there existed multiple-layered structure equipped with the means of communicating information in a multi-dimensional space, including light, sound, heat, ion, etc.

Under these preconditions, life activities are conducted in the following fashion:

• Life interacts with the multi-dimensional environment by using perception and motion as the interfaces to it.
• Let the size of dimension of perception and that of motor be M and N, respectively, the function of interface is represented as a mapping in the M ⊗ N space.
• Specific numbers of M and N reflect the preexisting conditions of the environment.

In summary, life activities map M-dimensional perceptual input to N-dimensional motor output, i.e., they develop M ⊗ N mapping by the system of interneurons. Trajectories of the life activities fluctuate, which provides opportunities to the O-PDP system to develop by adaptation. Action is selected by using the memory stored in the system of interneuron. Cyclic nature of interaction causes the development of perception and motor systems. As M ⊗ N increases, options expand and memory develops. As a result, behavior that is characterized as Four-Process ([{conscious, unconscious} process x {before, after}] the behavior at a specific moment) appears clearly.

The five senses of the sensory organs, the limbs, the mouth, and the eyeballs that are motor organs are all organs that perform autonomous activities, and each act autonomously immediately after birth. The activity itself has already begun from the stage that existed in the amniotic fluid before birth. Tactile sensations scattered on the skin surface of motor organs play an important role immediately after birth. It is responsible for forming connections between visually perceived objects and motor organs. In this way, the formation of sensory nerve-interneuron-motor nerve connection proceeds through the sense of touch.

By combining the perceptual number M and the motion number N with respect to the object cut out by perception, a connection relationship between perception and motion is formed, and object characterization (OBJECT cognition) is performed. When a language symbol is assigned to OBJECT, shared recognition of the object through the language proceeds. However, since OBJECT cognition is based on personal experiences, the degree to which OBJECT recognition is shared is not necessarily high among persons with different personal experiences. To increase the shared level of OBJECT cognition, mutual understanding at the characterization level expressed by the connection between perception and movement is necessary.

If skin perception is included in the M-dimensional sensory information, it is possible to link the N-dimensional motion and the place (perceived perceptually) where the resulting stimulus acts. This enables self-cognition and separation of self-gnition and others' cognition occurs. In the acquisition of language, the linkage between utterance and listening is important. The progress of the linkage promotes the separation of self-speaking and other-speaking. In addition, sound quality is further added in a multidimensional manner, and various identifications proceed.

Basic relationship structure of distributed memory

Each perception captures the value of perceived object information and its change. There are two types of capture: capture when a change occurs and periodic capture. However, only the data is captured, and the time and position are not attached, and are simply arranged in time series. Therefore, it is topological.

The information to be captured and stored is information at the time of occurrence of a difference (differential) value of environmental fluctuations perceived by the sensory organ. There are two types of information: information on feature point sets related to objects recognized based on perceptual information, and perceptual information on stimuli accompanying the objects. The information to be memorized is by no means a four-dimensional value of the time and place of the object itself located in the Newtonian space that humans have built as a theory so far.

Information is taken in periodically by each sensory organ, but time / distance information is not held in memory. When memory is used, they are reconstructed and restored from the group of distributed memories so as to meet the current environmental conditions using the variation pattern of information. As a result, it is possible to easily realize multidimensional cognition so that the spatial and temporal relations are similar to each other without being restricted by the spatiotemporal constraints.

Perceptual cognition is processed in a multidimensional space. And the density of information is high and low like the picture of Seurat drawn with pointillism with different density sizes. Further, the recognition of the information space to be perceived is performed by dividing the bandwidth in parallel. Neurons are activated by intracerebral processing performed in this process, and each reflects a stippling difference in information density in the information space. Each neuron forms a synaptic connection according to the information space related to the sensory organ and its perception band.

Also, the object is cut out from the density difference. The extracted object group forms a new object symbol band and is uplinked to form a correlation link between objects. A variety of such cross-links will develop through growth experience. Based on the current spatial cognitive density map, the flow of cognition in the unique information search phase in various cognitive dimensions is formed.

The hierarchical memory is reconstructed and projected according to the band where the cognitive viewpoint is placed, that is, the center of the vortex of the information flow. The circularity of the neural network ensures topological synchronization.

Promoting neural network circulation

A neural firing chain is formed as it grows, but there is a difference in transmission speed. This difference promotes the circulation of the overall neural network.

Circulation promotion starting from conscious activity: When the conscious neural network is first formed, the shortest path is formed. This pathway is a nerve pathway that is immediately myelinated and ensures the fastest transmission of information. This information transmission path exists as a base, and a feedback network UPLINKed from this base is formed in a hierarchical structure. At the time of activity, the feedback circulation circuit starting from this base is activated, and information processing activities proceed in this central area.

Formation of Process B: Process B is formed by function expansion to use the result of the conscious activity in Process A, that is, the work of tracing and memorizing how the event has passed. This is a function shared by many processes. Process B can be activated when the conscious mechanism forms a line with OBJECT in the perceptual memory. Here, OBJECT relates to an event that may occur in the future, and exists in the perceptual memory.

Consciousness activities: The consciousness mechanism behaves as if it switches between Process A and Process B smoothly. Now, let's consider OBJECT, where activity is concentrated in the RMD and PMD networks. If the consciousness mechanism is subsequently involved in a real-time space event involving the OBJECT, it becomes Process A, and if it is involved in advance, it becomes Process B. Since this switching is performed naturally, the distributed processing actually performed in the activity of the consciousness mechanism does not rise to consciousness. The activation of either process A or process B depends solely on the time constraints and the current state of conscious activity, and it is not guaranteed whether the activity will start.

Covering the neural circuit with myelin sheath: When the myelin sheath covers the neural circuit, the circuit is fixed and the transmission speed is significantly increased. When the first basic circuit is formed and fixed as the fastest and shortest neural circuit, new neural circuits are incorporated on this foundation in the order of the feedforward neural circuit and the feedback neural circuit. Immobilization at the myelin sheath is delayed after the neural circuit involved is stabilized. On the neural network formed in this way, along the flow of energy from perception, a path that naturally connects the conscious mechanism activity starting point and the most active point of the RMD network is generated. Based on this path, the consciousness mechanism proceeds with consciousness processing.

Synchronization of circulatory behavior and neural network activity: In a dynamic environment, the information transmission speed in the neural circuit acts on the ranking of energy aggregation as a criterion for action selection. In fact, this neural circuit is adapted to the real environment in a cyclic activity environment. The inner structure of the neural circuit is formed on the basis of behavioral circulation. The circuit is cyclic so that all relevant hierarchical areas are activated before the event occurs and energy is concentrated in the area associated with the event. This ensures synchronization between the behavior in the cyclic activity environment and the temporal pattern of activity in the neural circuit.

Evolutionary development of perceptual function

The evolutionary development of perceptual functions can be seen as the acquisition of functional diversity through functional differentiation. Early differentiation was caused by the multi-cognitive function acquired by tactile sensation (cutaneous sensation) separated into multi-dimensional development into visual (heat), hearing (pressure), and olfactory / taste (chemical reaction). And each perception was combined and integrated, and the overall cognitive ability increased. Once the initial complex cognitive mechanism is completed and incorporated into the DNA body plan, the evolutionary development of the perceptual function is built on this basic perceptual cognitive function. As a result, processing delay generally occurs. However, this delay is very important. This delay makes it possible to add a new cognitive function spontaneously on top of the initial composite cognitive function. The cognitive mechanism that includes this time gap creates a tendency of cognition and manifests it as a cognitive characteristic.

Evolutionary development of motor function

The evolutionary development of motor functions can be seen as the acquisition of functional diversity through functional differentiation. Initial differentiation is the differentiation of a simple motor function into multiple motor functions. In the course of being exposed to an adaptive pressure to the environmental flow where exercise is required, motor functions change their properties individually, become different moving bodies, and diversify. Further evolutionary development of initial motor functions (hand, foot, mouth) proceeds while adding functions independently to each motor function. As a result, a hierarchical structure of the basis of movement is formed. This underlying behavioral function structure naturally integrates the autonomous activities of individual motor functions.

Evolutionary development of group ecology

The evolution of group ecology is on the evolutionary trend of individuals. As a moving body, the group is based on the structure of each body movement function. As a perceptual body, it shares the perceptual function. On top of that, a processing system of information aggregation function and judgment function for integrated judgment is built.

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Overview

The formation process is shown below.

♦ STAGE 1: Laying the foundation of inter-layer relationships while UPLINK (Development of feedforward system)

• 0-3 years old: Based on the I / O relationship of reaction movements, master integrated body movements by connecting between the first and second layers (simple utterance)
• 4 to 6 years old: Learn behaviors that correlate with other people's behavior, conversational usage in each place (simple syntax explanation)

♦ STAGE 2: Formation of single-layer language processing circuit by back propagation (Reinforcement of feedback system)

• 7-12 years old: Formation of first-order logical thinking using letters (symbols), acquisition of collaborative techniques with others, and the growth period of activities through the correlation connection between the three layers

♦ STAGE 3: Depending on the language used, it is possible to form complex hierarchical language processing circuits by back propagation (Development of feedback system)

• 13-18 years: The development period of activities based on the correlation between the three levels. At this time, the logical notation ability of everyday language has an important influence. In natural formation, structural recognition is performed with a focus on visual information. When using a language with a high level of logical notation, it is possible to recognize the structure in a linguistic logic system that extends the structure recognition based on visual information beyond the natural formation range.

The time required to form a single-layer neural circuit that operates stably is about three years by experience observation. From this, the growth process shown above is considered to be appropriate as the time required to increase the complexity of logic hierarchically in the process of learning a language.

Japanese is a language with low logical expression ability. Therefore, Japanese people tend to learn and practice the method of expressing with enhanced visual ability as a way to supplement it. Natural phenomena, which are essentially non-linear hierarchical structures, are stable in life time and the relationship can be regarded as linear. For this reason, Japanese people may be able to do a good job in expressing natural phenomena.

The following explains the developmental paths of the neural networks as human beings grow as the function of their ages.

Early stage: 0 ~ 6 years of age

In 0 ~ 6 years of age, feedforward loops are the dominant control mechanism and they establish fundamental relationships between the layers by means of “uplink.” In the first half of this period, 0 ~ 3 years of age, human beings establish inter-connections between Layer-1 and Layer-2 as integrated movements of bodily actions on the basis of the relationships between the input from the perceptual system and the output expressed as reflexive movements, for example, simple utterances. In the latter half of this period, 4 ~ 6 years of age, human beings acquire the skill of behaving in relation with the other persons and the methods for conversing with others such as explanation formation via simple syntax.

Up to 3 years old:Initial formation of the basis of sensory and motor organs:

Formation of the basis of feedback neural network is characterized by the following items:

• Development of the basic ecosystem of vertebrates before activation of conscious activity -- Corresponding to the stage of brain development of stickleback fish.
• Autonomous development of both perceptual and motor functions.
• Generation of cognitive memory in the part that mediates perception and movement.

During this period, sensory and motor neurons make a rapid autonomous development. Interneurons connect them by subordinate-intervention, resulting in feedforward control.

Figure 8. Development of PIM: Up to 3 years old.

Stochastic production-like action selection is performed reflecting the effectiveness confirmed by the experience accumulated so far.

Figure 9. Development of memory: Up to 3 years old.

During 6 ~ 7 years old: Activation of consciousness mechanism

Acquisition of utterances and combined motor movements become possible by realizing feedback involvement of consciousness mechanism to body mechanism.

Sharing of perception is required because It is necessary to share the perception of the phenomenon between System 1 and System 2 to implement feedback control.

• Direct Perception Sharing: Cognition via sensory nerve activity related to perception (tactile) resulting from physical activity (internal cognition).
• Indirect Perceptual Sharing: The visual cognition of a phenomenon and the perception by non-visual modalities that occur in relation to the phenomenon occur simultaneously to share their perceptual cognition (Perceptual Synchrony).

During this period, sensory and motor neurons make a fast autonomous development. Interneurons connect them by memory-mediated intervention, resulting in feedback control.

Figure 10. Development of PIM: : During 6 ~ 7 years old.

In a multi-dimensional memory frame that acts as a naturally formed perceptron, action selection is made by branching paths in the process of following the firing chain of elements in the MD frames, that reflects accumulated experience to work as feedback.

Figure 11. Development of memory: During 6 ~ 7 years old.

Middle stage: 7 ~ 13 ... 17 years of age

Later, in 7 ~ 12 years of age, human beings acquire the skill of logical thinking by means of the first order logic by using letters or symbols and that of cooperation with the other persons. These activities facilitate the development of interconnections among the three layers, resulting in very complex networks. The key is the existence of symbols that intervene various connections between input and output.

Lastly, in 13 ~ 18 years of age, feedback loops come into play, which are used to form language processing circuits in a single layer, Layer 3, by means of the learning mechanism such as the back propagation.

In 13 ~ 18 years of age, the interconnections of the neural networks evolve among the three layers. In this period, the ability of logical writing by using an ordinary language affects significantly the evolving process. Without language, structural recognition is formed dominantly via visual information. On the other hand, when accompanied with language, it makes possible to represent the visual information in a highly logical way, the vision-based structural recognition is significantly augmented to become a structure that can be dealt with a language-based logic system.

Completion of parallel distributed activities: 7 ~ 13 ... 17 years of age

Structural development precedes procedural development. In time, both interact with each other to achieve unique development in parallel.

1. Structural development in PMD (mainly visual perception) → BMD → MMD.
2. Procedural development in RMD: starting from spoken language to more abstract structural representations

The combination of the above two elements formed for each person becomes the action route of that person.

As human beings stand up, the following things have happened:

• The flow of information flow becomes stronger at the junction between sensory related nerves and motor spinal nerves. This creates a new area in the brain's neural circuit that causes information stagnation like so-called delta.
• Human beings develop their pronunciation function (motion), acquire voice, and link various sounds with auditory (perception) processing. And, by making effective use of the vacant area of the brain, the function of communication (brain) which has already been used for speech can be expanded and developed into a language.
• The difference in the function of the limbs and the difference in the movement between the left and right become clear, and the action becomes complicated. The brain develops processes individually and integratively to their actions.

Up to 13 years old, parallel distributed activities are almost complete. Sensory and motor neurons make a stable autonomous development. Interneurons connect them by memory-mediated proactive-intervention, resulting in wider feedback controls.

Figure 12. Development of PIM: Up to 13 years old.

Up to 13 years old, parallel distributed activities are complete. Sensory and motor neurons make a settled autonomous development. Interneurons connect them by memory-mediated autonomous-intervention, resulting in even wider feedback control.

Figure 13. Development of PIM: Up to 17 years old.

Final stage: 18 ~ years of age

Finally, in 18 ~ years of age, feedback loops become dominant, which make possible to form a compound language processing circuits by means of the learning mechanism such as the back propagation mechanism.

Human behavior development and language during this final stage is achieved through the following steps:

1. Acquisition of a technique (grammar) for mapping perceptual information related to actions to be executed in 4-dimensional space-time on 1-dimensional language, and making it meme (MMD, BMD, and PMD to WMD mapping).
2. This made it possible to reverse the flow in (1), i.e., it has become possible to construct a correlation between a simple neural connection layer and a basic neural connection layer based on complex multidimensional perception (via RMD).
3. By these, human beings succeeded in forming the relation between the hierarchy easily in a short time from both ends of the hierarchy.
4. In addition, since language promotes the establishment of common cognition among groups, it enables communication between groups and generations. This paved the way for efficient external cognition and higher adaptive behavior.

Figure 14. WMD is uniquely extended based on partial mapping of RMD.

Summary: Stages of development

1. Up to 3 years old: Perceptual and motor organs acquire basic performance through experience so that their abilities adapt to the environment
2. Until about 6 ~ 7: Acquire an individual's ability to carry out their activities as individuals and as members of a group without a shortage.
3. From about 13 ~ 14: Enhance their ability to adapt to their role in social (group) activities.

These changes are caused by the shift from 2-Process to 4-Process:

1. 2-Process: Formation of neural circuit to execute normal processing efficiently by imitation
2. 4-Process: Dealing with abnormal situations where danger avoidance is required by the formation of new behavioral pathways that can be configured by existing normal-state processing

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There is a stage of diversification of abilities up to the age of 13 and a stage of organically allocating the diversified abilities after the age of 13 to the current social structure.

factors involved in the diversification of capabilities

The following factors are involved in the diversification of capabilities and their application to the current society. Let's look at how these factors relate and how their abilities diversify and apply to the current society in order of age:

• Movement in the real world: Life is an autonomous system, and its activities as a group proceed by parallel distributed processing. The system is not totally symmetrical overall. Also, synchronization between members is incomplete. For this reason, the behavior of individual members shows non-linear movement.
• Nature of language processing: Increasing the logical characteristics of a language increases the degree of symmetry of the entire system.
• Multidimensional perception: Multidimensional integrated cognition by multiple sensory organs is non-linear because it reflects movement in the real space.
• Formation of a feedforward neural circuit: Simple operations are formed quickly, but when the operations become complex, formation takes a long time.
• Formation of feedback neural network: By capturing a lot of pattern information, activities that were initially insufficient in effectiveness and efficiency are developed into satisfactory activities. Once an effective processing circuit is formed, it is possible to gradually increase the processing complexity using it as a foothold.
• Effectiveness of consciousness mechanism processing: Consciousness mechanisms tend to use language preferentially due to processing speed and ease of storage. On the other hand, the real space activity is nonlinear. The extent to which the linear thinking tendency that consciousness processing uses language preferentially reflects non-linear reality is important for the effectiveness of real-world processing by language.

Up to 13 and beyond

• 0 ~ : In the early brain formation stage, infants complete the functional arrangement in the brain, acquire basic functions such as sound identification, and acquire language-level recognition ability such as language. A small amount of brain damage may be recovered.
• 3 ~ : Form the minimum conversational skills necessary for daily life and language skills that can interpret simple sentences. Through life and play, learn basic social relationship patterns within a small group of close relationships. During this period, it is important to learn basic and diverse relationships as patterns. It is a time when play is very meaningful as a place to train a comprehensive chain of basic functions. At this stage, giving linguistic knowledge beyond the range of actual experience does not help the child make behavioral decisions.
• Around 7 ~ : During this period, the relationship between the language and the patterns captured by the experience of visual and physical experience is developed and formed. The time and space where life and play were performed will expand, and more complex patterns can be captured. At this time, it is important to learn the use of logical, clear and concise words by associating learned patterns with words, so that the next step can be taken.
• Around 13 ~ : At this time, the patterns learned so far are linked to social event patterns. Acquire the ability to cope with more complex patterns. At the same time, it is an important time to acquire the ability to think by language by forming a correspondence between experience patterns and logical language knowledge. A systematic educational experience and conversation between different viewpoints such as debates are effective.
• Around 18 ~ : During this period, the relationship between the ability to use the language and the acquired patterns is balanced, and the efficient processing ability of the brain increases. Establish your role in society.
• Around 30 ~ : Stable period.

Three stages of skill acquisition

1. Acquire the skills to adapt by capturing non-linear movements of actual ecology with multi-dimensional perception and converting them into non-linear movements with multi-dimensional movement. An action selection network for each ecological band is formed.
2. Language is used. The consciousness mechanism understands ecology as a simplified network using symbol centers expressed by language, and makes adaptive selection based on it. Social ecology is formed based on the simplified network. However, since the simplified network is an approximation of the actual ecology, it always involves a deviation from the actual ecology.
3. Acquire skills to use the first stage function to modify the second stage function.

In order to show high effectiveness in the third stage, it is required to enhance the basic ability of high perception and memory in the first stage. On that basis, it is important to increase the capacity of the second stage. This allows new and more sustainable pathways to be created and incorporated into the existing behavioral ecosystem at the final stage.

In the first stage period from about 7 to 10 years old, the basic activity that is the actual state of the ecological network activity is acquired and fixed as perceptual memory. After that, in the second stage until about 18 years old, the ability to handle the actual state of the ecological network activity symbolically is acquired. Here, the ability to handle events mathematically is effective. This ability includes the ability to perform pattern matching flexibly, and includes the ability to comprehensively complete a pattern so that any of the inference forms of deduction, induction, and abduction can be handled by pattern matching. Once this ability is acquired, the possibility of being able to participate positively in ecological network activities increases.

After that, it is not necessary to acquire further advanced knowledge processing skills unless special logical work is performed. Because the dimension in which the ecological network is defined is determined by the body plan, it is fairly stable. Within the space of that dimension, ecological activities occur in a band. Therefore, overall, ecological activities are not linked by a strict causal relationship, but rather occur in a fairly broad temporal context. For this reason, there is no point in treating most activities highly logically. Rather, the ability to recognize the reality itself is more important. Therefore, there are many successful students who dropped out of university in the United States.

Two types of skills - Japan vs. U.S. -

Japan built its own culture by strengthening both the perception ability and the chain of perception and physical activity at the same time by the behavioral habit of “stealing by skill” in the professional field.

On the other hand, the US built a highly creative culture by cultivating GOMS-like knowledge management skills by evaluating debate ability and ability to do things in its own way and idea without being influenced by others. Here, GOMS is an expert's knowledge system expressed by a hierarchical goal structure, where G is a goal, O is an operator, M is a method, and S is a method selection rule. GOMS-like knowledge management ability is an ability that can be acquired through conscious education after the development of civilization. Compared to skill areas where many can be acquired by training, the possibility of acquiring it is very low.

Since these abilities have different formation processes and structures, it is highly difficult to acquire and coexist both, and switch them according to the situation. However, it is desirable if you can have both qualities. This is because once a cooperative relationship between the two can be established, it will work very effectively.

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Action Selection Model

Figure 15. A model of action selection.

Figure 16. Flow of action selection.

Distributed Memory Model

• PMD (Perceptual Multi-Dimensional) -frame constitutes perceptual memory as a relational matrix structure. It collects information from external objects followed by separating it into a variety of perceptual information, and re-collects the same information in the other situations, accumulating the information from the objects via a variety of different processes. PMD-frame incrementally grows as it creates memory from the input information and matches it against the past memory in parallel.
• MMD (Motion Multi-Dimensional) -frame constitutes behavioral memory as a matrix structure. The behavioral action processing starts when unconscious autonomous behavior shows after one's birth. It gathers a variety of perceptual information as well to connect muscles with nerves using spinals as a reflection point. In accordance with one's physical growth, it widens the range of activities the behavioral action processing can cover autonomously.
• BMD (Behavior Multi-Dimensional) -frame is the memory structure associated with the autonomous automatic behavior control processing. It combines a set of MMD-frames into a manipulable unit.
• RMD (Relation Multi-Dimensional) -frame is the memory structure associated with the conscious information processing. It combines a set of BMD-frames into a manipulable unit. The role BMD-frames play for RMD-frame is equivalent to the role MMD-frames play for BMD-frame.
• WMD (Word Multi-Dimensional) -frame is the memory structure for language. It is constructed on a very simple one-dimensional array.

Figure 17. Action selectio model (MHP/RT) and the distributed memory system.

Figure 18. Functional flow structure, layered structure, and evolving cyclic network structure.

4 modes of brain activity in dual processing (Syetem 1 and System 2)

BASIC MODE

MODE 1: Unconscious mechanism driven mode: Synchronous
A single set of perceptual stimuli initiates feedforward processes at BIOLOGICAL and COGNITIVE bands to take action with occasional feedback from an upper band, i.e., COGNITIVE, RATIONAL or SOCIAL.

DERIVED MODES

• MODE 2: Conscious mechanism driven mode: Synchronous
  A single set of perceptual stimuli initiates a feedback process at COGNITIVE band, and upon completion of conscious action selection unconscious automatic feedforward processes is activated at BIOLOGICAL and COGNITIVE bands for taking action.
• MODE 3: In-phase autonomous activity mode: Asynchronous
  A single set of perceptual stimuli initiates feedforward processes at BIOLOGICAL and COGNITIVE bands with one and another intertwined occasional feedback processes from an upper band i.e., COGNITIVE, RATIONAL or SOCIAL.
• MODE 4: Heterophasic autonomous activity mode: Asynchronous
  Multiple threads of perceptual stimuli initiate respective feedforward processes at BIOLOGICAL and COGNITIVE bands, some with no feedback but others with feedback from upper bands, , i.e., COGNITIVE, RATIONAL or SOCIAL.

Figure 19. Mode 1: Autonomous Automatic Behavior Control Driven

Figure 20. Mode 2: Consciousness Control Driven

Figure 21. Mode 3: Autonomous Automatic Control/Consciousness Control Weakly Coupled

Figure 22. Model 4: Autonomous Automatic Control/Consciousness Control Isolated

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